1.
Provable vs Certifiable
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A provable system (or a system that is provably safe) is focused on the mathematical correctness of the algorithm or model. So you need the theorem and proof.
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A certifiably safe system (or a system that is certifiably safe) is focused on the verifiability of the safety claim by an external monitor. People often use it to wrap "un-provable" systems (like Neural Networks).
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But both terms are used interchangeably.